Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/URI.php
Line Number: 102
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 128
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 83
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 397
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 372
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$ssp is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 303
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 328
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 355
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 365
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 366
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 367
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 368
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 426
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 109
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 110
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent (sent from /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/system/core/Exceptions.php on line 272)
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 137
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$encryption is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 15
Function: __construct
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$section is deprecated
Filename: controllers/Portfolios.php
Line Number: 17
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 17
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1284
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 25
Function: library
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$portfolio_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 359
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 27
Function: model
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$portfolio_category_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 359
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 28
Function: model
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$viewFolder is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$pageFolder is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$assetJsPath is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$assetCssPath is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$ssp is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$encryption is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$section is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$pagination is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$portfolio_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Portfolios::$settings_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 359
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/helpers/cifunctions_helper.php
Line: 74
Function: model
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/views/frontend/inc/head.php
Line: 15
Function: get_settings
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/views/frontend/portfolios_v/item/index.php
Line: 10
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Kullandığımız muhabere cihazlarında odyo kalitesi önemli bir faktördür. Özellikle alıcı cihazlarının odyo kalitesini göstermesi bakımından SINAD değerleri en önemli parametrelerden biridir.
SINAD; odyo çıkışında ölçülen Sinyal + Gürültü + Distorsiyon değerlerinin, yine aynı çıkışta ölçülen Gürültü + Distorsiyon değerlerine oranının ifadesidir. Bu değerler mikrovolt veya dB olarak verilir. Kısaca formüle edersek:
Bu orantıyı dB olarak formüle ettiğimizde, değerler Güç (Power) olarak ifade edildiğinden formül şu şekildedir:
Birçok uygulamada SINAD değeri ölçümlerinde 1 kHz ton ve 3 kHz deviasyon ile modüle edilmiş FM sinyali, alıcı çıkışında 1 kHz ton + Gürültü + Distorsiyon olarak görülecektir. Filtreleme sisteminden geçirilen bu odyo işaretinden 1 kHz ton çıkarılırsa geriye Gürültü + Distorsiyon değeri kalacaktır.
Bu iki değerin orantısı yukarıdaki dB formülünde yerlerine konulduğunda alıcının SINAD değeri dB olarak ortaya çıkacaktır. Bu ölçüm odyo çıkışından veya akustik bir kuplör yardımı ile hoparlör çıkışından yapılabilir.
Genel olarak radyo sistemlerinde bu değer 12 dB ile 20 dB arasındadır. Bu SINAD değerleri, odyo çıkışının anlaşılabilir olduğu andaki eşik seviyeleridir. SINAD parametresi aynı zamanda alıcının odyo kalitesini de göstermektedir.
SINAD ölçümü için aşağıdaki test uygulaması kullanılır:
SINAD Testi Şeması
RF sinyal jeneratöründen 1 kHz ton ve 3 kHz deviasyonlu RF işareti alıcının anten girişine; alıcının hoparlör çıkışından alınan işaret ise SINAD metrenin girişine uygulanır.
Girişteki odyo filtresi ile sadece 1 kHz'lik işaretin geçmesi sağlanır. Filtre çıkışına bağlanmış bir RMS voltmetre ile işaretin değeri ölçülür. Burada okunan değer; Sinyal + Gürültü + Distorsiyon değerlerinin toplamıdır.
Odyo filtreden sonra bir Notch filtre ile 1 kHz işaret filtre edilir. Burada Notch filtre; merkez frekansı 1000 Hz olan bir band-stop (bant söndüren) filtredir. ITU, bu ölçümlerde kullanılacak Notch filtrelerin minimum 50 dB bastırma seviyesine sahip olmasını tavsiye etmektedir. Filtrenin çıkışına bağlanmış RMS voltmetre ile ölçülen değer ise sadece Gürültü + Distorsiyon değeridir.
Belirtilen noktalardaki RMS voltmetrelerde okunan değerlerin orantısının logaritmik ifadesi SINAD değerini verir. Okunan değer ne kadar büyük olursa, alıcının odyo kalitesi o kadar iyidir denilir.
Birçok radyo sisteminde bu değerler, sistemin kullanım ve dizayn özelliklerine bağlı olarak 12 dB ile 20 dB arasında değişmektedir.
Birçok alıcıda 12 dB SINAD hassasiyeti, -120 dBm giriş işaretine ve yaklaşık olarak 0.22 mikrovolt değerine eşittir. Bu değerler odyo kalitesi açısından iyi kabul edilirler. SINAD değerleri, bir alıcıdaki odyo kalitesini nicel (Quantitative) ölçü ile belirlediğinden, farklı kondisyonlardaki radyo performanslarının kıyaslanmasında kullanılabilir.
SINAD değerlerinin kullanıldığı başlıca ölçümler şöyle sıralanabilir:
Entermodülasyon (Intermodulation); alıcının içinde çeşitli frekanslardaki işaretlerin birbirlerini modüle etmesiyle oluşan yeni frekanslardır. Bu durumda alıcının çıkışındaki demodülasyon ürününün temiz bir işaret olmayacağı açıktır.
Referans Hassasiyet: Bir alıcıda belli bir RF giriş seviyesinde, önceden belirtilen SINAD değerinin elde edilmesi için anten girişine uygulanması gereken RF seviyesidir. Belirtilmiş SINAD değerleri; AM'de belli bir modülasyon yüzdesi, FM'de ise belli bir deviasyon değeri ile elde edilen 12 ila 20 dB değerleridir.
Komşu Kanal Reddi: Bir alıcının, komşu kanalda yüksek bir karıştırma işareti olduğunda, kendi kanalındaki işareti yeterli bir şekilde demodüle edebilme kabiliyetidir. Bu değerin belirlenmesi için referans hassasiyet seviyesine 3 dB daha ilave edilerek antenden uygulanır. Karıştırıcı sinyal seviyesi, SINAD değeri başlangıç seviyesine gerileyinceye kadar artırılır. Aradaki oran alıcının komşu kanal reddi değerini verir.
Alıcı Entermodülasyonu: Komşu kanal reddi ölçümüne benzer şekilde, iki farklı karıştırma işareti kullanılarak alıcının istenmeyen sinyalleri üretme ve bunlardan etkilenme seviyesinin ölçülmesidir.
Alıcı Blokajı: Alıcının, kuvvetli bir karıştırma işaretini çalışma frekansından yeterli miktarda uzaklaştırabilme ve bastırabilme kabiliyetidir.
Netice olarak anlaşılacağı üzere SINAD, alıcının en temel performans parametrelerinden biridir. Genellikle analog sistemlerde kullanılmakla beraber, uygun ses tonları üretilebildiği takdirde dijital sistemlerde de benzer yöntemler uygulanabilir.
Değerli radyo amatörü arkadaşlarıma SINAD değerinin önemini anlatmaya çalıştım. Konu çok daha teknik detaylar içerse de, amatör telsizcilik pratiği için gerekli olan temel bilgileri burada özetledim.
Hepinize İzmir'den selam ve sevgilerimi gönderiyorum.
73s de Özhan TA3BQ
Bu yazı, merhum Özhan Önder (TA3BQ) beyefendinin anısına, orijinal metnine sadık kalınarak ve teknik hesaplamaları gözden geçirilerek düzenlenmiştir. Ruhu şad olsun.
Lütfen paylaşımlarınızda "Amatör Radyoculuk Ruhuna" uygun davranmaya özen gösterin. Bu kapsamda:
uzak durmanızı rica ediyoruz. Bu kurallara uymayan paylaşımlar yayınlanmayabilir ve siteye erişiminiz geçici olarak kısıtlanabilir.
Amatör radyo dünyasındaki en güncel gelişmeleri, etkinlikleri ve haberleri doğrudan e-posta kutunuza alabilirsiniz. Böylece yeni projeler, yarışmalar ve önemli duyurulardan anında haberdar olabilirsiniz.
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$portfolio_category_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$settings_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/views/frontend/portfolios_v/item/index.php
Line: 11
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$user_model is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 932
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/views/frontend/portfolios_v/item/index.php
Line: 28
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/application/controllers/Portfolios.php
Line: 167
Function: view
File: /var/www/vhosts/radyoamatorleri.com/httpdocs/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once